![]() ![]() Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism. Connective tissue is comprised of cells separated by extracellular material made of organic and inorganic materials, such as the protein and mineral deposits of bone. Examples of connective tissues include blood and bone. Animals also have specialized connective tissues that provide many functions, including transport and structural support. Muscle tissue contracts to cause all types of body movement from locomotion of the organism to movements within the body itself. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells, which transmit nerve impulses. There are four main types of animal tissues: nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial. A tissue is a collection of similar cells that had a common embryonic origin. As multicellular organisms, most animals develop specialized cells that group together into tissues with specialized functions. ![]() (credit a: modification of work by USDA Forest Service credit b: modification of work by Clyde Robinson) Complex Tissue StructureĪ hallmark trait of animals is specialized structures that are differentiated to perform unique functions. It spends its larval stage in mosquitos and its adult stage infesting the hearts of dogs and other mammals, as shown here. The (b) heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite that derives energy from its hosts. The (a) black bear is an omnivore, eating both plants and animals. Figure 1: All animals that derive energy from food are heterotrophs. The body plan refers to the shape of an animal. Most animals reproduce sexually: The offspring pass through a series of developmental stages that establish a determined body plan, unlike plants, for example, in which the exact shape of the body is indeterminate. Animals may be carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites (Figure 1). This form of obtaining energy distinguishes them from autotrophic organisms, such as most plants, which make their own nutrients through photosynthesis and from fungi that digest their food externally. ![]() All animals are heterotrophic, ingesting living or dead organic matter. Animals require a source of food to grow and develop. Most animals are motile, at least during certain life stages. All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and almost all animals have specialized tissues. Compare and contrast the embryonic development of protostomes and deuterostomesĮven though members of the animal kingdom are incredibly diverse, animals share common features that distinguish them from organisms in other kingdoms.Describe the hierarchy of basic animal classification.Explain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic development.List the features that distinguish the animal kingdom from other kingdoms.Together with the deuterostomes and xenacoelomorpha, its members make up the Bilateria, mostly comprising animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.By the end of this section, you will be able to: Protostomia (from Greek πρωτο- proto- “first” and στόμα stoma “mouth”) is a clade of animals. Who are the members of the protostome group? In most, but not all protostomes, the mouth forms first, then the anus, whereas the reverse is true in deuterostomes. The major distinctions between deuterostomes and protostomes are found in embryonic development and is based on the embryological origins of the mouth and anus. How satisfied are you with the answer? What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome? Each segment or section has muscles and bristles called setae. The body of earthworm is made of about 100-150 segments. Which is the first segment of the earthworm? In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the embryo forms a dent on one side, the blastopore, which deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. What’s the difference between an earthworm and a protostome?ĭifferences between protostomes and deuterostomes. The coelom of the first four segments is undivided. The coelom of earthworm is schizocoelom and it is divided into two compartments by the septa. During development, the opening that forms at the gastrula’s lower end, which scientists call the blastopore, becomes the anus after development.ĬOELOM OF EARTHWORM Coelom is filled with an alkaline fluid called as coelomic fluid. A deuterostome has both an anus and a mouth, while protostomes only have a mouth. Chitin can be found in crustaceans, such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimp….Chitin. Diploblastic – Hydra, Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) Triploblastic – Liver fluke (Fasciola), Centipede (Scolopendra) Do earthworms chitin?Ĭhitin is a complex macromolecule, AKA a polymer. ![]()
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